What are "stochastic effects" in relation to radiation exposure?

Stochastic effects refer to health outcomes that occur by chance and are fundamentally associated with the statistical nature of radiation exposure and its biological consequences. These effects, such as cancer and genetic mutations, do not have a threshold dose, meaning that there is a probability, albeit small, of their occurrence even at low levels of exposure to radiation.

Unlike deterministic effects, which involve direct radiation damage leading to immediate health issues (like burns or acute radiation syndrome), stochastic effects may take years or decades to develop and are influenced by random factors. This characteristic of randomness and probability in the occurrence makes option B the definitive correct answer. Understanding stochastic effects is crucial in radiation protection because it emphasizes the importance of minimizing exposure, even at low levels, to reduce the risk of long-term health consequences.